Conservation of Organs (Heart, Brain and Kidney) of Canine by Cold-Temperature Silicone Plastination in an Animal Anatomy Laboratory in Ecuador / Conservación de Órganos (Corazón, Encéfalo y Riñón) de Canino Mediante la Técnica de Plastinación en Silicona al Frío Realizada en Laboratorio de Anatomía Animal en Ecuador

SUMMARY: For the purposes of teaching anatomy, the use of cadaver preparations is considered the most efficient way of ensuring that students retain knowledge. Nevertheless, in Ecuador the use of animal specimens in universities must comply with the internationally accepted principles of replacement, reduction and refinement (3Rs). Plastination is an alternative technique which allows organs to be conserved in the long term and complies with the 3Rs. The object of the present work was to use cold-temperature silicone plastination with Biodur® products to obtain long-lasting, easy-to-handle canine organs for use as tools for the teaching of animal anatomy. Six canine cadavers were obtained from local animal protection charities. The hearts, brains and kidneys of the cadavers were dissected and fixed with formaldehyde 10 %. They were then dehydrated with acetone at -20 °C. The specimens were impregnated with Biodur® S10:S3 (-20 °C) and finally cured with Biodur® S6. We plastinated six hearts, twelve kidneys, four brains and one encephalic slice of canine. The application of cold-temperature plastination to canine organs followed the parameters established for the conventional protocol, enabling us to obtain organs of brilliant appearance, free of odours, in which the anatomical form was preserved. Thus the technique helped us to comply with the 3Rs, as we obtained easy-to-handle teaching models to replace fresh or formaldehyde-fixed samples for the teaching-learning of the canine anatomy.

En la enseñanza de la Anatomía, el uso de preparaciones cadavéricas se considera el método que permite a los estudiantes retener el conocimiento de una forma más eficiente. No obstante, en Ecuador, el uso de especímenes animales en las universidades se debe realizar bajo el principio internacional de reemplazo, reducción y refinamiento (3Rs). La técnica de plastinación es una técnica alternativa que permite preservar órganos a largo plazo y que se adapta al principio de las 3Rs. El objetivo del trabajo fue utilizar la técnica de plastinación en silicona al frío con productos Biodur® para obtener órganos caninos duraderos y manejables útiles como herramienta para la enseñanza de la anatomía animal. Se obtuvieron seis cadáveres de caninos de fundaciones locales para la protección animal. Se realizaron disecciones de corazones, cerebros y riñones de los cadáveres caninos. Los órganos se fijaron con formalina al 10 %. A continuación, se llevó a cabo la deshidratación con acetona a -20 °C. Los especímenes fueron impregnados con S10:S3 Biodur® (-20 °C) y al final fueron curados con Biodur® S6. Se lograron plastinar seis corazones, doce riñones, cinco encéfalos y un tallo encefálico de canino. La técnica de plastinación al frío utilizada para obtener órganos de canino conservó los parámetros empleados en el protocolo convencional y permitió obtener órganos que presentaron aspecto brillante, ausencia de olores y mantuvieron la forma anatómica. Por lo que, la técnica facilitó cumplir con el principio de las 3Rs al obtenerse modelos didácticos fáciles de manipular que pueden reemplazar muestras frescas o formolizadas en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la anatomía del canino.

Raynaud's phenomenon in the occupational context

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To review articles that evaluated the prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon of occupational origin. METHODS The search for articles was carried out in the Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Latin America and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (Lilacs) databases. RESULTS 64 articles were obtained from the electronic search; 18 articles met the eligibility criteria. All studies discussed the exposure to vibrations in the upper limbs. In 6 of them, the thermal issue was directly or indirectly addressed. No studies have addressed exposure to vinyl chloride. CONCLUSIO In general, a higher prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon was found among vibratory tool operators compared to non-exposed workers, with an increase in the number of cases the higher the level of vibration and the time of exposure. Cold is a triggering and aggravating factor of the Raynaud phenomenon and seems to play an important role in the emergence of vascular manifestations of the hand-arm vibration syndrome.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Realizar um estudo de revisão dos artigos que avaliaram a prevalência do fenômeno de Raynaud de origem ocupacional. MÉTODOS A busca pelos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs). RESULTADOS Sessenta e quatro artigos foram obtidos a partir da busca eletrônica, dos quais 18 cumpriram os critérios de elegibilidade. Todos os estudos discutiram sobre a exposição a vibrações localizadas em membros superiores. Em seis deles, a questão térmica foi direta ou indiretamente abordada. Nenhum estudo abordou a exposição ao cloreto de vinila. CONCLUSÃO De maneira geral, constatou-se maior prevalência do fenômeno de Raynaud entre operadores de ferramentas vibratórias em comparação aos não expostos, com aumento do número de casos quanto maior o nível de vibração e tempo de exposição. O frio é fator desencadeante e agravante do fenômeno de Raynaud e parece exercer papel importante para o surgimento das manifestações vasculares da síndrome de vibração de mãos e braços.

Avaliação da eficácia dos equipamentos de proteção individual para a exposição ocupacional ao frio / Evaluation of the efficacy of personal protective equipment against occupational exposure to cold

INTRODUÇÃO: Os setores climatizados, no ramo de indústrias alimentícias, apresentam variações de temperatura de -35 a 12ºC, as quais são necessárias para garantir a qualidade dos alimentos. Entretanto, essa faixa de temperatura pode ser um agente nocivo para a saúde dos trabalhadores. OBJETIVO:Estudar os parâmetros de exposição ocupacional ao risco frio para estimar o índice de isolamento térmico e determinar a eficácia dos equipamentos de proteção individual. MÉTODOS: Na primeira etapa foram avaliadas as variáveis ambientais (temperatura do ar, velocidade do ar, umidade relativa do ar) e a taxa de metabolismo; na segunda etapa foi determinado o índice de isolamento térmico fornecido; e na terceira etapa foi calculado o índice de isolamento básico de vestuário exigido para manter o equilíbrio térmico e verificada a eficácia dos equipamentos de proteção individual. RESULTADOS: Embora a temperatura do ar seja inferior nas atividades desenvolvidas no túnel de congelamento no setor de embalagem secundária, comparando com as atividades realizadas na câmara de estocagem de operar empilhadeira e transportar produtos, o índice de isolamento básico de vestuário exigido é maior nas atividades desenvolvidas com uso de empilhadeira, mesmo a temperatura sendo superior. Isso ocorre em função da velocidade do ar ser superior nas atividades realizadas nas empilhadeiras. CONCLUSÕES: Em 83,3% das atividades avaliadas a proteção se mostrou eficaz, porém, existe a possibilidade dos indivíduos sentirem desconforto térmico devido ao excesso de roupa fornecida. Apesar de a proteção ser insuficiente em 16,7%, as pausas de recuperação térmica eliminam o risco de hipotermia.

BACKGROUND: The temperature of climate controlled areas in the food industry varies from -35ºC to 12ºC to ensure the quality of food. However, this temperature range might be harmful to the health of workers. OBJECTIVE: To analyze parameters related to occupational exposure to cold risks to calculate clothing insulation indices and establish the efficacy of personal protective equipment (PPE). METHODS: In stage 1 we analyzed environmental variables (air temperature and velocity and relative humidity) and the metabolic rate; in stage 2 we calculated the resultant clothing insulation index; in stage 3 we calculated the basic clothing insulation required to maintain the thermal balance and investigated the efficacy of PPE. RESULTS: While the air temperature was lower for activities developed in the freezing tunnel (secondary packaging department), required basic clothing insulation was higher for activities involving operating forklifts. CONCLUSION: Protection was efficacious for 83.3% of the analyzed activities, however, occurrence of thermal discomfort cannot be ruled out as a function of excessive clothing. Although protection was insufficient for 16.7% of the analyzed activities, breaks for thermal recovery neutralized the risk of hypothermia.

Vagal Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Mediates Stress-exacerbated Visceral Mechanonociception After Antral Cold Exposure

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Abdominal pain can be evoked or exacerbated after gastrointestinal cold stimulation in some patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), indicating a low temperature-induced sensitization of visceral perception. We investigated the role of vagal transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1, a cold-sensing ion channel) in cold-aggravated visceral mechanonociception in a stress-induced IBS animal model. METHODS: TRPA1 expression was examined in antral biopsies of healthy controls and IBS-D patients. Abdominal symptoms were assessed before and after warm or cold water intake. The visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distention (CRD) following intra-antral infusion of cold saline was measured in animals undergoing sham or chronic water avoidance stress. TRPA1 expression, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, and neuronal calcium influx in vagal afferents were assessed. RESULTS: Compared to healthy controls, IBS-D patients displayed elevated antral TRPA1 expression, which was associated with symptom scores after cold (4°C) water intake. Intra-antral infusion of cold saline increased VMR to CRD in naive rats, an effect dependent on vagal afferents. In stressed rats, this effect was greatly enhanced. Functional blockade and gene deletion of TRPA1 abolished the cold effect on visceral nociception. TRPA1 expression in vagal (but not spinal) afferents increased after stress. Moreover, the cold-induced, TRPA1-dependent ERK1/2 activation and calcium influx in nodose neurons were more robust in stressed rats. CONCLUSIONS: Stress-exaggerated visceral mechanonociception after antral cold exposure may involve up-regulation of TRPA1 expression and function on vagal afferents. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism for abnormal gastrointestinal cold sensing in IBS.

Study on the effect of a cold environment on the quality of three video laryngoscopes: McGrath MAC, GlideScope Ranger, and Pentax Airway Scope

OBJECTIVE: Several environmental factors influence the prehospital use of video laryngoscopes (VLs). For example, fogging of the VL lens can occur in cold environments, and the low temperature can cause the VLs to malfunction. As relevant research on the effect of environment on VLs is lacking, we aimed to study the effect of a cold environment on three commonly used VLs.METHODS: McGrath MAC, Pentax Airway Scope (AWS), and GlideScope Ranger were exposed to temperatures of -5°C, -10°C, -20°C, and -25°C for 1 hour each and then applied to a manikin in a thermohydrostat room 5 times. Immediately after turning on the power and inserting the blade, the time until an appropriate glottic image appeared on the screen was measured.RESULTS: McGrath MAC was able to accomplish immediate intubation regardless of the temperature drop. However, GlideScope Ranger required an average of 4.9 seconds (-5°C to -20°C) and 10.1 seconds (-25°C) until appropriate images were obtained for intubation. AWS showed adequate image acquisition immediately after blade insertion despite slight fogging at -20°C, but at -25°C, images suitable for intubation did not appear on the screen for an average of 4.7 minutes.CONCLUSION: All three devices appear to be usable without any limitations up to -20°C. However, GlideScope Ranger and AWS may not produce images immediately at temperatures below -25°C. Thus, medical practitioners performing VL in a cold environment should be aware of the characteristics of the VL devices in advance.

The Effect on Pain of Buzzy® and ShotBlocker® during the Administration of Intramuscular Injections to Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of Buzzy® and ShotBlocker® on reducing pain induced by intramuscular penicillin injections in children. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled study. A total of 150 Turkish children aged 7~12 years who presented to our pediatric emergency clinic and met the inclusion criteria were recruited. The children were randomly assigned to each group (control=50, Buzzy®=50, ShotBlocker®=50). Data were collected using an information form, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Visual Analog Scale, and Faces Pain Scale-Revised. RESULTS: The children in the control group had significantly higher pain scores during the penicillin injection than the children in the ShotBlocker® and Buzzy® groups. The children in the Buzzy® group had significantly less pain than the children in both the ShotBlocker® and control groups (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Buzzy® was more effective compared with ShotBlocker® in this study.

Cold wave-induced stroke: the roles of renin-angiotensin system and matrix metalloproteinase-9 / 国际脑血管病杂志

Epidemiological studies and clinical observations have indicated that cold temperature can trigger the occurrence of stroke in individuals at high risk.However,the underlying mechanisms are still unknown.Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been found to be associated with the formation,progression and rapture of atherosclerotic plaques and cerebral aneurysms,which is the pathological basis of stroke.Cold temperature activates renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in circulation and tissue.Angiotensin Ⅱ has been implicated in the inducing MMP-9 expression and activation.An increase of MMP-9 may facilitate destabilization and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques or cerebral aneurysms,resulting in the occurrence of stroke.

Blood pressure mechanism of cold wave-induced stroke / 国际脑血管病杂志

Cold wave will increase the incidence of stroke,especially in individuals with vascular disease such as hypertension.The blood pressure fluctuations induced by cold wave may be the main cause of stroke onset.The main responsible mechanisms for blood pressure changes are related to hormone changes,vasomotor factor disorders,calcium channel changes,hemodynamic changes,etc.All of these,the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a leading role.Therefore,actively taking warm measures during cold wave can effectively prevent the occurrence of stroke.

Artificial cold wave for cold wave-induce disease research / 国际脑血管病杂志

The cold wave is one of the common meteorological factors which related to occurrence of disease,and growth of animals and plants.Due to seasonal restrictions and differences of the main indicators of each cold wave,it is difficult to be consistent when studying the relationship between cold wave and disease,cold wave and growth of animals and plants.In order to make the experimental results more objective and credible,it is necessary to simulate a cold spell artificially.The key technique for simulating a cold wave is to control the temperature manually,so that can achieve the standard of cold wave.Nowadays,the equipments for cold wave simulating include "artificial climate chamber" or "climate simulator",which can be used in the study of the relationship between cold wave and disease,cold wave and growth of animals and plants.The intelligent artificial climate chambers can successfully create an experimental environment that similar to the natural cold wave,thus the study of the relationship between temperature and growth or incidence of animals and plants is no longer restricted by seasonal restrictions,and maintains the consistency between different artificial cold waves,which is beneficial for analysis and judgment.However,the intelligent artificial climate chambers still needs to be further improved in terms of expanding space and manual control of air pressure and humidity.

Cold temperature and risk of stroke / 国际脑血管病杂志

Many studies indicated that meteorological factors are associated with stroke risk,especially cold temperature.This article reviews the effect of cold temperature on the occurrence of stroke.

Mechanisms of Naoshuantong capsule in the prevention of cold wave-induced stroke in hypertensive rats: a differential proteomics study / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective To investigate the preventive effect and mechanisms of Naoshuantong capsule in stroke induced by artificial cold wave in hypertensive rats.Methods A total of 130 SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group (n =30),a model control group (n =50) and a Naoshuantong treatment group (n=50;intragastric administration of Naoshuantong,0.5 g/kg,2/d for 7 days).Renovascular hypertensive rats model were established by two-kidney,two clip method.At 13th week after operation,rats were exposed to artificial cold wave for 3 days (12 h light of 22 ℃ and 12 h dark of 4 ℃,3 cycles).The brain tissue samples were extracted at the end of the experiment.Differential protein proteomic techniques were used for the identification,functional classification and preliminary analysis of the differentially expressed protein spots,and Western blot was used for the validation of some key proteins.Results There was no occurrence of stroke in the sham operation group,and the incidence of stroke in the model control group (36.00％,18/50) was significantly higher than that in the Naoshuantong treatment group (18.00％,9 / 50;x2 =4.110,P =0.043).With the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis,6 different proteins were identified from 14 protein spots.Among them,the up-regulated superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and the down-regulated B-cell lymphoma 10 (Bcl-10) were found to be at the central location of protein interactions,which has been verified by Western blot.Conclusion Naoshuantong can reduce the occurrence of stroke induced by artificial cold wave in renovascular hypertensive rats.SOD2 up-regulating and Bcl-10 downregulating may be involved in the mechanisms of of Naoshuantong in the prevention of cold wave-induced stroke in hypertensive rats.

Effects of warmed carrier fluid on nefopam injection-induced pain

BACKGROUND: Nefopam is a non-opioid, non-steroidal analgesic drug with fewer adverse effects than narcotic analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and is widely used for postoperative pain control. Because nefopam sometimes causes side effects such as nausea, vomiting, somnolence, hyperhidrosis and injection-related pain, manufacturers are advised to infuse it slowly, over a duration of 15 minutes. Nevertheless, pain at the injection site is very common. Therefore, we investigated the effect of warmed carrier fluid on nefopam injection-induced pain. METHODS: A total of 48 patients were randomly selected and allocated to either a control or a warming group. Warming was performed by diluting 40 mg of nefopam in 100 ml of normal saline heated to 31–32℃ using two fluid warmers. The control group was administered 40 mg of nefopam dissolved in 100 ml of normal saline stored at room temperature (21–22℃) through the fluid warmers, but the fluid warmers were not activated. RESULTS: The pain intensity was lower in the warming group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The pain severity and tolerance measurements also showed statistically significant differences between groups (P < 0.001). In the analysis of vital signs before and after the injection, the mean blood pressure after the injection differed significantly between the groups (P = 0.005), but the heart rate did not. The incidence of hypertension also showed a significant difference between groups (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Use of warmed carrier fluid for nefopam injection decreased injection-induced pain compared to mildly cool carrier fluid.

Comparative study of the antioxidant capacity in green tea by extraction at different temperatures of four brands sold in Colombia / Estudio comparativo de la capacidad antioxidante en té verde por extracción a diferentes temperaturas de cuatro marcas vendidas en Colombia

Background: Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most highly consumed beverage in the world in addition to water. The most common way of preparation is by immersing the tea bag in hot or cold water. In Colombia, it is a recent trend and the market is growing continuously. Objectives: The objective of this study is to compare the antioxidant characteristics of four brands of green tea sold in Colombia at room and hot-temperature in relation to the preparation conditions. Methods: Four commercial brands of green tea (Oriental®, Lipton®, Hindú®, Jaibel®) were used in an aqueous extraction at two temperatures: Cold tea extract (25°C) and hot tea extract (80°C). Total polyphenol concentration (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method; Total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by spectrophotometric method and the antioxidant capacity was determined by two methods: DPPH radical capture assay, and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Finally, a method to quantify the catechins of the tea extracts, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied. Results: The TPC vary between: 2.53 ­ 14.63 mg GAE/ g sample for cold tea extract and 29.34 - 55.06 mg GAE/g sample for hot tea extract. The TFC vary between: 2.67 ­ 7.08 mg CE/g per sample for the cold tea extract and 5.43­ 8.41 mg CE/ g sample for hot tea extract. A similar profile assays: for cold tea extract: 22.36 ­ 41.29 mg TE /g sample for DPPH and 22.95 ­ 46.25 mg TE/g sample for ORAC. Similarly, for hot tea extract the following ranges were: 38.50 ­ 110.01 mg TE/g sample for DPPH and 23.40- 113.60 mg TE/g sample for ORAC. In general, the values obtained in each assay for each brand were as follows: Oriental®> Lipton®> Hindú®> Jaibel®. The chromatographic profiles showed the presence of ten compounds. Conclusions: These results confirm that the aqueous extraction of green tea at 80°C leads to the formation of infusions made up of compounds with higher antioxidant capacity in comparison with extractions at room temperature.

Antecedentes: El té (Camellia sinensis) es la bebida más consumida en el mundo, además del agua. La forma más común de preparación es sumergiendo la bolsa de té en agua caliente o fría. En Colombia, es una tendencia reciente y el mercado está creciendo. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es comparar las características antioxidantes de cuatro marcas de té verde vendidas en Colombia en relación con las condiciones de preparación. Métodos: Se utilizaron cuatro marcas comerciales de té verde (Oriental®, Lipton®, Hindú®, Jaibel®) mediante extracción acuosa a dos temperaturas: extracto de té frío (25°C) y extracto de té caliente (80°C). La concentración total de polifenoles (TPC) se determinó mediante el método de Folin-Ciocalteu; el contenido total de flavonoides (TFC) se determinó mediante método espectrofotométrico y la capacidad antioxidante se determinó mediante dos métodos: ensayo de captura del radical DPPH y ensayo de capacidad de absorción de radicales de oxígeno (ORAC). Finalmente, para cuantificar las catequínas de los extractos de té se aplicó cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). Resultados: Los valores para TPC varían entre 2,53 -14,63 mg GAE/g extracto de té frío y entre 29,34 - 55,06 mg GAE/g extracto de té caliente. Los valores para TFC varían entre 2,67 - 7,08 mg de CE/g extracto de té frío y entre 5,43 - 8,41 mg de CE/g extracto de té caliente. Se observó un perfil similar en la capacidad antioxidante mediante ambos ensayos, extracto de té frío: 22,36 - 41,29 mg TE/g por DPPH y 22,95 - 46,25 mg TE/g por ORAC, extracto de té caliente: 38,50 - 110,01 mg TE/g por DPPH y 23,40- 113,60 mg TE/g por ORAC. En general, los valores obtenidos en cada ensayo respecto a cada marca se comportaron así: Oriental®> Lipton®> Hindú®> Jaibel®. Los perfiles cromatográficos mostraron la presencia de 10 compuestos. Conclusiones: Estos resultados confirman que la extracción acuosa de té verde a 80°C conduce a la formación de infusiones ricas en compuestos con capacidad antioxidante en comparación con extracciones a temperatura ambiente.

Cold wave-induced stroke: the evidence from studies in stroke-prone hypertensive rats / 国际脑血管病杂志

Epidemiological data,clinical observation and animal experiments have shown that cold wave is closely associated with the onset of stroke.When a population with stroke etiology or risk factors is under pre-stroke state,they will have stroke under the influence of various inducing factors.Cold wave is the external factor that causes the body to enter the pre-stroke state and there are many possible mechanisms.The drug intervention of stroke-prone hypertensive rats at 1 week before the cold wave can reduce the occurrence of stroke during cold wave,suggesting that it is of great significance to conduct preventive intervention to the pre-stroke population before the cold wave coming.

Contribución de la temperatura fría y el sabor ácido en la intervención fonoaudiológica de la disfagia orofaríngea / Contribution of cold temperature and sour taste in speech and language intervention of oropharyngeal dysphagia

El fonoaudiólogo es el principal profesional en la rehabilitación no farmacológica y no quirúrgica del usuario con disfagia. Su participación es fundamental tanto para el aminoramiento del riesgo de aspiración o penetración laríngea, como para mejorar o restaurar la función deglutoria. Para este fin, posee opciones terapéuticas directas e indirectas, cuya elección y aplicación dependerá de la patología que curse el usuario, las redes que posea para su recuperación y la motivación intrínseca del mismo. Entre las estrategias de intervención indirecta se encuentra el Tratamiento Sensorio-Motor Oral (OSMT, por sus siglas en inglés), el cual pretende producir una aceleración en el desencadenamiento del proceso deglutorio mediante la ejercitación de los músculos orofaciales en conjunto con diferentes estímulos sensoriales (específicamente la temperatura fría y el sabor ácido). La presente revisión tiene por objetivo dilucidar si la utilización de la temperatura fría y el sabor ácido son útiles como mecanismo de intervención indirecta de la disfagia. Se concluye que las acciones propuestas son efectivas simplemente como mecanismos compensatorios en el proceso deglutorio, puesto que modifican las características del bolo alimenticio e incrementan momentáneamente las sensaciones intraorales.

The speech-language pathologist (SLP) is the main professional in the nonpharmacological and non-surgical rehabilitation of patients with dysphagia. Their role is essential for both reducing the risk of aspiration or laryngeal penetration and improving or restoring the swallowing function. To this end, the SLP has direct and indirect therapeutic options, whose choice and application will depend on the patient’s condition, support networks, and their intrinsic motivation. As part of the indirect intervention strategies, the oral sensorymotor treatment (OSMT) aims to exercise the orofacial muscles, and introduce sensory input by the application of cold temperature and sour taste to increase the triggering speed of the swallowing reflex. This review seeks to determine whether the use of cold temperature and sour taste are effective indirect mechanisms for treating patients with dysphagia. It is concluded that the proposed actions in this review are useful simply as compensatory mechanisms in the swallowing process, as they modify the bolus properties and increase, temporarily, the intra-oral sensations.

Acute Resistance Exercise Attenuates the Cardiovascular Reactivity to Cold Pressor Test in Healthy Adults / 대한스포츠의학회지

Increased cardiovascular reactivity to sympathetic challenge is associated with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Acute aerobic exercise blunts stress related cardiovascular reactivity, but whether acute resistance exercise attenuates cardiovascular reactivity is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that acute resistance exercise will attenuate hemodynamic reactivity to a cold pressor test in healthy adults. Using a randomized cross-over trial, 20 healthy adults (9 males, 11 females; age, 26±5 years; body mass index, 23.85±3.19 kg/m2) completed two testing sessions, separated by 1 week. Sessions consisted of either a control condition or an acute resistance exercise prior to cold pressor testing (two sets, eight exercises, 40%-60% of 1 repetition maximum for upper and lower extremity). Blood pressure and heart rate measured at baseline, 30 seconds, and 120 seconds during a 3-minute cold pressor test (ice water, 4℃), and 30 seconds and 120 seconds post-cold pressor testing, respectively. During the cold pressor test, there were significant increases in blood pressures and heart rate (p<0.05) in both groups. However, acute resistance exercise attenuated increases in systolic blood pressure, but not heart rate, compared with the control (all p<0.05 for interact effects). These findings show that the cold pressor test significantly increases blood pressures and heart rate in healthy adults, but an acute bout of resistance exercise attenuated the hemodynamic response to the cold pressor test. Therefore, resistance exercise may have a favorable effect on cardiovascular reactivity to sympathetic activation in healthy adults.

An evaluation of the protective effect of an infusion of chilled glucose solution on thermal injury of the bile ducts caused by radiofrequency ablation of the liver

PURPOSE: To evaluate the protective effects of chilling the bile ducts with cold (5°C) 5% glucose solution (GS) during radiofrequency (RF) administration. METHODS: Twenty male pigs (3 mos. old; 25-30 kg) were subjected to RF delivery with chilling (experimental group, N=10) or without chilling (control group, N=10). Half of the animals in each group were euthanized immediately after the operation, and half were euthanized one week later. The following histological variables in relation to the bile ducts were evaluated by a pathologist (blind examiner): degenerative changes to the epithelium; epithelial necrosis; ulceration, regenerative changes of the epithelium; polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration; and thermal effects. RESULTS: The experimental group (88 bile ducts examined) showed reduced thermal damage relative to the control group (86 bile ducts examined) as demonstrated by significant differences in the following histopathological parameters: epithelial detachment of biliary epithelium (84.1% vs. 59.3%; p<0.006); elongation/palisade arrangement of nuclei (65.1% vs. 87.5%; p<0.001); pseudo-goblet cells (32.9% vs. 56.8%; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Infusion of 5% glucose solution (5°C) has a protective effect on bile ducts subjected to heat (95-110°C, 12 min) from radiofrequency thermal ablation device. .

Influence of different frequencies of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the threshold and pain intensity in young subjects / As influências de diferentes frequências da estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea no limiar e intensidade de dor em indivíduos jovens

Objective To investigate the effects of different transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation frequencies in nociception front of a pressure pain threshold and cold in healthy individuals. Methods Twenty healthy subjects were divided into four groups, all of which have gone through all forms of electrical stimulation at different weeks. Assessments were pre and post-therapy, 20 and 60 minutes after stimulation. To evaluate the pressure pain threshold, an algometer was used with one tapered tip, pressing the hypothenar region until voluntary report the word “pain”. Cold pain intensity was assessed by immersion in water at 5°C for 30 seconds; at the end, the subject was asked to quantify the pain intensity on a Visual Analog Scale for Pain. For electrical stimulation, two electrodes were used near the elbow, for 20 minutes, with an intensity strong, but not painful. The frequency was in accordance with the group: 0Hz (placebo); 7Hz; 100Hz; and 255Hz. Results Both for the assessment of pressure pain threshold as the cold pain intensity, there was no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion We conclude that the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on dermatomes C6 to C8 produced no significant change in pressure pain threshold or cold discomfort. .

Objetivo Investigar os efeitos de diferentes frequências da estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea na nocicepção, frente a um estímulo doloroso pressórico e ao frio, em indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos Participaram 20 indivíduos saudáveis, divididos em 4 grupos, sendo que todos passaram por todas as formas de eletroestimulação, em semanas diferentes. As avaliações ocorreram nos seguintes períodos: pré-aplicação, pós-aplicação, 20 e 60 minutos após a eletroestimulação. Para avaliar o limiar de dor à pressão, foi utilizado um algômetro com ponta afilada, pressionando na região hipotenar, até o voluntário relatar a palavra “dor”. A intensidade de dor ao frio foi avaliada por meio de imersão em água a 5°C, durante 30 segundos; ao final, pediu-se para que o indivíduo quantificasse a intensidade álgica em uma Escala Visual Analógica de Dor. Para a eletroestimulação, foram utilizados dois eletrodos próximos ao cotovelo, durante 20 minutos, com intensidade referida como forte, porém não dolorosa. A frequência esteve de acordo com o grupo: 0Hz (placebo); 7Hz; 100Hz; e 255Hz. Resultados Tanto para a avaliação do limiar de dor à pressão quanto da intensidade ao frio, não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05). Conclusão O uso da estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea, sobre os dermátomos de C6 a C8, não produziu alteração significativa no limiar de dor à pressão e nem no desconforto ao frio. .

Effect of the addition of the antioxidant taurine on the complete blood count of whole blood stored at room temperature and at 4ºC for up to 7 days

BACKGROUND: The complete blood count is one of the most common routine tests. This study aimed to evaluate possible effects of the antioxidant taurine on the complete blood count of whole blood stored at room temperature and at 4ºC over seven days. METHODS: Venous blood samples of 25 healthy males were distributed into two sets of tubes with each set of four tubes containing 50 µL of solutions with zero, 2.5 g/L, 5 g/L, 10 g/L taurine. The tubes were kept at room temperature or at 4ºC. Complete blood counts were performed on seven successive days. The mean percentage changes [Δ = (mean value - mean baseline value) / mean baseline value x 100] were calculated and compared. RESULTS: Complete blood count parameters exhibited different patterns of behavior which were affected by the storage temperature, time and taurine concentration. Taurine at room temperature significantly enhancedthe stability of: the platelet count over seven days (Δ7 at 2.5, 5 and 10 g/L taurine were 5.45, 6.11, and 5.80 x 10(9) cells/L, respectively); the red blood cell count over five days (Δ5 at 2.5, 5 and 10 g/L taurine were 1.59, 2.79, and 1.98 x 10(12) cells/L, respectively); mean corpuscular hemoglobin over five days (Δ5 at 2.5, 5 and 10 g/L taurine were -0.91,-1.52 and -0.84 fl respectively); and red cell distribution width over two days (Δ2 at 2.5, 5 and 10 g/L taurine were 0.90%, 1.30% and -0.1%, respectively). No additional stabilizing effects of taurine were reported for the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and hemoglobin, while it negatively affected the white blood cell stability. CONCLUSION: Complete blood count parameters exhibited variable stability patterns in respect to temperature, time and taurine concentration.

Sour taste and cold temperature in the oral phase of swallowing in patients after stroke / Sabor azedo e temperatura fria na fase oral da deglutição no acidente vascular encefálico

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of sour flavor and cold temperature on oral transit time during swallowing. METHODS: Participants were 52 subjects (28 male and 24 female) with ages between 50 and 80 years (median=66 years), after ischemic stroke involving right or left side damage and mild to moderate oropharyngeal dysphagia. Videofluoroscopy was performed to analyze the swallowing times. Each subject was assessed during swallowing of a paste consistency bolus offered in 5 ml spoons, with a total of four different stimuli (natural, cold, sour and sour-cold). After the exam, the oral transit time was measured using specific software. The oral transit time (starting at the beginning of the bolus movement in the mouth) and the total oral transit time (starting at the moment that the bolus is placed in the mouth) were measured. RESULTS: The association between sour and cold stimuli caused a significant decrease of oral transit time and total oral transit time. CONCLUSION: Sour flavor and cold temperature reduced oral transit time in stroke patients.

OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito do sabor azedo e da temperatura fria no tempo de trânsito oral da deglutição. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 52 indivíduos (28 do gênero masculino e 24 do gênero feminino) após acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico, com lesão à direita ou à esquerda e disfagia orofaríngea de grau leve a moderado, com idades variando de 50 a 80 anos (mediana=66 anos). Foi realizada a videofluoroscopia da deglutição para a análise dos tempos de deglutição. Cada indivíduo foi avaliado durante a deglutição de bolo na consistência pastosa, oferecido em colher com 5 ml, com quatro estímulos diferentes (natural, frio, azedo e azedo-frio). Após o exame foram realizadas as medidas de tempo de trânsito oral utilizando software específico. Foram mensurados o tempo de trânsito oral (a partir do início do movimento do bolo alimentar na boca) e o tempo de trânsito oral total (a partir do momento em que o bolo é colocado na boca). RESULTADOS: A associação entre o estímulo azedo e a temperatura fria provocou mudanças significavas no tempo de trânsito oral total e no tempo de trânsito oral, com redução nestes tempos. CONCLUSÃO: O sabor azedo e a temperatura fria associados apresentaram redução do tempo de trânsito oral em pacientes pós acidente vascular encefálico.